The Foreign Policy Of The United States - 1759 Words

Between 1918 and 1953 there was a major change regarding the foreign policy of the United States. At the end of the First World War, we practiced a foreign policy that was first established by George Washington in his Farewell Address back in 1796, which set a precedent of isolationism that was adopted until the beginning of World War II. Following Washington s Neutrality Proclamation, the US did not engage in many global affairs such as the French Revolution and remained neutral through all foreign affairs. At the end of World War I, we continued to practice isolationism by not engaging in foreign affairs and limiting military spending believing that by pursuing this policy we could maintain peace and avoid war. Unfortunately, this†¦show more content†¦As stated by Document B, many governmental employees, such as Senator Henry Cabot Lodge Sr., believed that after World War I we should stay out of foreign affairs such as the League of Nations. The League of Nations was an al liance system similar to the one that was present before World War I; the prior alliance system had ultimately played a role in the commencement of the war raising concern to many citizens. This isolationist perspective was prompted by the large amount of casualties and damages done from World War I, which led many to want to disengage from Europe completely and work on rebuilding our own country. By engaging in the League of Nations, as Woodrow Wilson had proposed, we would have created a second alliance system and this was contradictory of itself as a method of maintaining peace because the first alliance system was one of the key components that led to World War I. His perspective on the foreign policy topic was popular among the citizens, expanding the influences of isolationism. With this expanding concept, the government employed numerous strategies to maintain the peace. As displayed by Document A, one method that they employed was to reduce military spending to an extreme m inimum. As shown on the graph, the amount of military spending spiked from 1918-1920, this was due to our participation in World War I. Right after World War I, in the

Hard Times Depiction of the Position of Young Women in...

The advancements made in Victorian England socially, politically and technologically resulted in the questioning of how to grow and keep up with the times while still maintaining the core traditions that the Victorians idealised. One of the main debates in Victorian England was the discussion around the proper place and characteristics of women. Writers during the time period incorporated their personal opinions and outlooks on where women should be placed in society. Two writers and their pieces which will be further examined in this piece are Sarah Stickney Ellis’s The Daughters of England: Their Position in Society, Character and Responsibilities, and Charles Dickens Hard Times. Ellis ran a school for girls but didn’t support†¦show more content†¦Ellis defines cleverness as being an appropriate education for women as â€Å"it takes nothing away from the charm of feminine delicacy† (Ellis 51). The other two parts of education, learning and knowledge, are not ones that Ellis views appropriate. Education for a woman should come down to learning skills or information that has a practical and daily application for it. If it’s not within a women’s daily activity within the home it has no use. Dicken’s doesn’t see women as being below education, as young women within the novel are all educated. The education that they receive at the Gradgrinds household and at the local Choakumchild School is far from ideal because it is too much focused on facts. Louisa, who has â€Å"been so well trained† that she is unaccustomed to romantic views. Mr. Gradgrind has ensured that Louisa has been educated to view â€Å"everything from the strong dispassionate ground of reason and calculation (Dickens 129). The education and training that Louisa receives removes her of any ability to feel or recognize any emotions. Louisa enters into her marriage with Mr. Bounderby out of practicality. She asks her father when the marriage proposal is presented, â€Å"Do you ask me to love Mr. Bounderby?† (Dickens 130). Ellis defines â€Å"the whole law of woman’s life is a law of love† (Ellis 11). With Louisa entering into theShow MoreRelatedKnow Your Place Essay1879 Words   |  8 PagesJane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice is a Victorian era novel that chronicles the relationship of social status and love during early nineteenth century England. This gives readers a sense of how social structure during the eighteenth hundreds was shifting from heirs to earners with people vying to stay relevant and included in the upper class. Historically, the novel was hardly influenced by what was occurring during the time it was written which included the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars.Read MoreVictorian Literature Essay2858 Words   |  12 Pagesable to change a situation – we are challenged to change ourselves†. 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Discuss with R9200 Words   |  37 Pagestellings of the Dracula story._______________________________________________ The Vampire in Dracula threatens the very existence of Victorian England. Stoker constructs the vampire as an embodiment of threat by surpassing his Gothic novelist predecessors to bring the threat of the Gothic home to Victorian England (Arata 119). This in turn crosses the boundary between what is foreign and what is national; and dually East and West. DraculaRead MoreWomen as Commodity8899 Words   |  36 PagesWOMEN AS COMMODITY Women As Commodity Since ancient times, There people who are being sold just like a mere things sold in a market to be slaves, pimp, and its quiet alarming that even naive child is a victim of this kind of discursive life. Women have been also analyzed to be part of those bundles of things paraded, bidded for, sold, and traded off despite the fact that women are making huge contributions for the development of their countries in different aspects today, still women areRead More Society’s Attitude Towards Under Privileged Children in the Novel Oliver Twist3983 Words   |  16 PagesOliver Twist ‘Oliver Twist’ is one of Charles Dickens most enduringly popular novels. Best known for his host of distinctively cruel, comic and repugnant characters, Charles Dickens remains the most widely read of the Victorian novelists. ‘Oliver Twist’, a meek, mild young boy, is born in the workhouse and spends his early years there until, finding the audacity to ask for more food, â€Å"Please, sir, I want some more.† he is made to leave. Oliver represents the underprivileged children in thisRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Harold Pinter s The Room 9709 Words   |  39 PagesINTRODUCTION I’m convinced that what happens in my plays could happen anywhere, at any time, in any place, although the events may seem unfamiliar at first glance. If you press me for a definition, I’d say that what goes in my plays is realistic, but what I’m doing is not realism† (Pinter, Harold Pinter: Plays, 2 ix) Widely acknowledged as one of the great post-war generation dramatists, Harold Pinter’s fame rests on not only his popular dramas but also on his political activism which is rooted in

Report on Clinical Practice Improvement Project

Question: Describe about the Clinical Practice Improvement Project Report. Answer: Relevance of Clinical Governance to your project Clinical governance is a systematic approach of improving and sustaining the quality of care provided to the patients in a health care system. Clinical governance is an important part in the health care system, as it helps to sustain the quality improvement and informs the deterioration in health care quality in a health care system. In the United Kingdom National Health Service, clinical governance has been described as A framework through which NHS organizations are accountable for continually improving the quality of their services and safeguarding high standards of care by creating an environment in which excellence in clinical care will flourish (Haas and Haines 2014). However, clinical governance includes three key aspects, transparent responsibility, high standard of care and accountability of that high standard of care. Here, in this project, the aim is to prevent the risk of fall, which is considered as one of the key responsibilities of nurses in a health care setting. It h as been revealed that risk of fall and related injury is significantly high in the hospital patients. Thus, nurses need to gain sufficient knowledge and skills to prevent the risk of fall and related injury of the patients. One of the critical roles of clinical governance in health care is to identify the safety and security issues in the clinical performance and to improve clinical performance to eliminate those risks (Haines et al. 2014). Thus, preventing the risk of fall and related harm is relevant to the clinical governance in health care settings. One of the key elements of clinical governance is education and training. Thus education and health promotion of the elderly people regarding fall and related injury is relevant to the clinical governance. According to the National competency standard for Registered Nurse in Australia provided by NMBA, the registered nurses are accountable for recognizing the risk of falls (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia 2013). The project aims to educate the patients about the fall prevention and to improve the clinical fall prevention measures by assessment and promotion of the fall prevention measures and education. The professional standards of Nurses included the standards, where it has been stated that nurses should make the clinical decisions including the patients perspective and should promote patients education. In addition, quality is the key skills of the registered nurses. Thus, the project topic is relevant to the clinical governance. Evidence that the issue / problem is worth solving: Fall and related injury is one of the most common and serious medical issue, which is most often experienced by the aged population, who are in the long-term hospital care. The Australian Commission of Safety and Quality in Healthcare has considered the falls as one of the largest harm-causing incident in the Australia for healthcare. Government and the national board have undertaken a number of initiatives to reduce the incidents of fall and related harms in elderly. It has been revealed from the evidences that lack of knowledge, lack of support and proper supervision are the leading causes behind the fall and related risk. It has been revealed from the existing literatures that, 75% of the hip fracture patients, who are above 65 years old, have high risk of reduced health status due to fall related injury, especially, while residing in hospital or long-term residential care (Liu et al 2012). WHO documented that around 35% aged population more than 65 years old have a fall rate of 3 2-425 per year, which is increasing significantly (World Health Organization 2016). In addition, increasing fall rate is also enhancing the health care cost, which has been estimated as $6500 per fall related serious injury. In addition, the social dimension of fall related consequences include reduced independence of the patients, which has significant impact upon the victims family, friends and community. The Australian commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care provided several guidelines for fall prevention in different health care sectors. These policies and procedures include education and health promotional practices for improving the clinical care quality. Thus, from the evidences, it can be said that, the problem is worth solving. Thus, this project will include the proposed interventions and will be evaluated in the next part. It has been seen in evidences that there are different kinds of successful interventions for preventing falls in elderly people (Gillespie et a l. 2012). Key Stakeholders: In this project, each stakeholder have significant role in the success of the project. The key stakeholders include patients, nurses, patients family, health care organization management and the other health care staffs. Nurse Managers have significant role in implementing the successful intervention for reducing the fall rate of elderly person in the hospitals. Here, in this project, the aim is to educate patients and promoting their health. The patients, who are more than 65 years old and nurses have the most significant role in the project, as the stakeholders. It is because, the nurses are the one, who would educate patients and the patients are the one who would be educated regarding fall prevention. On the other hand, following the principles of person-centred care approach, the nurse managers would have the role of decision making and guiding the members, who are accountable for quality improvement in fall prevention in the healthcare system (Nadelson and Nadelson 2014). The p atients family or other caregivers are responsible for reporting any kind of changes in the process during the intervention period. CPI Tool: CPI tool is the abbreviation of the clinical practice improvement tool, which are used for ensuring the improvement in the clinical practice implemented in the health care sector. There is several clinical practice improvement tools used in different clinical practice, but the tools or strategies relevant for the corporate business would not be suitable for the health care sectors. Thus, Plan-Do-Study-Act or PDSA tool has been implemented in this project. This clinical practice improvement tool is used for quality improvement projects, like the current project and in the research studies, which aim to introduce positive change in the health care process, promoting the positive outcomes. The purpose of this clinical practice improvement tool is to build a functional relationship with the change in processes and outcomes (Khong et al. 2015). The tool helps in gradual improvement upon a change implementation in a health care sector. Three key questions are answered through the PDSA tool , these are: 1) What is the project goal? 2) How will the goal be achieved using PDSA tool? And 3) What will be consequences after reaching the goal? In this project, the tool can be implemented gradually in the following way: The first step in this process is to plan the change based on the identified issues, which needs change in the health care system. This step required ideas for improving the current situation or issues faced in the health care system. However, the ideas must align with the project aim and objectives, to assure the success of the plan (Koh et al. 2014). The next step is to do, that means to implement the change in the health care context and document the consequences of the implemented change. In this step, any kind of unexpected change-related consequences should be recorded. The third step includes to study, i.e. study the existing literature on the project topic, reviewing them and reflect on the analysis of data gathered in the previous step. In this process, the improvement related to the project interventions, which are also present in the literatures would enhance its reliability and other processes, which might have better outcomes would also be identified. The final step is to act. It is the step, where the interventions of smaller scale project are implemented in larger scale, if the outcomes of the smaller project meet the project objectives successfully. The successful project interventions are implemented in the health care settings for improving the clinical care quality (Department of Health 2010). In this current project, PDSA has been used as it helps in gradual and systematic implementation of change in the health care setting. Here, the patients knowledge would be assessed, based on which appropriate health promotion and educational sessions would be implemented, to enhance their self-control and self-esteem, which would help the participant group to reduce the risk of fall (Gleeson et al. 2014). Here, the nurse manager a registered nurse would plan and guide the educational sessions, addressing the current issue. Summary of proposed interventions: According to Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care (2012) the PDSA tool is used for having the quantitative measures to reach the define goals. In the initial step, the multidisciplinary team will assess the fall rate and reports in last 3 months, in which hospital project will be implemented. The nurse managers in the multidisciplinary team will collect the fall related reports in the hospital, which would include the incident rate of falls and the factors promoting the risk of falls in the patients. In this project, the test group would be the aged people, who are more than 65 years old. Liu et al. (2012) showed successful educational interventions for older aduts, who showed significant benefit over the sessions. Hill et al. (2013) have shown the effectiveness of educational management of the older adults fall prevention in hospital settings. Here, the project will include three intervention steps; in the initial step, the registered nurses in the hospital wil l be assessed for their knowledge about the fall prevention and their role in educating patients about the fall prevention strategies. After assuring that the registered nurses have enough skills to educate patients about the fall prevention measures, the registered nurse would undergo a discussion about the fall prevention measures in the hospital. With the help of the information revealed from the group discussion, the intervention plan would be made. In this context, 30 patients, who are above 65 years old, would be selected randomly and they will be educated with 6 weeks educational sessions regarding the fall prevention measures along with a 4 weeks health promotion sessions regarding risk of fall and related hazard control, where the family members of the patients would also be allowed to participate. A questionnaire will be prepared for pre-test and post-test assessment. The pre-test assessment will be done before the educational sessions and the post-test assessment will be done after the educational sessions. The data will be collected after 1 week and the final data will be collected after completion of the 6 week sessions. Each questionnaire would include 20 questions (Liu et al. 2012). On the other hand, another proposed intervention would include 6 week fall prevention and gait-balance exercise sessions. Here, also pre and post test assessment would be done through physical test. Gianoudis et al. (2012) highlighted the protocol for the community-based multi-modal exercise program for older adults , which have successfully reduced their risk of falls. Valenzuela (2012) showed that the progressive resistnce training intervention can also help older adults to prevent falls. In the initial steps, skilled trainers would be appointed upon assessing their training skills, which would be aligned with the questionnaire formed for the pre and post test assessment. Barriers to implementation and sustaining change: In spite of the evidence-based intervention plans in this project, the projects have some barriers of implementation. Gleeson et al. (2014) claimed that lack of financial and team support from the nurse managers decreases the motivation level of the registered nurse. On the other hand, the lack of financial resources can lead to unavailability of the required devices and equipments for the successful intervention of the project. On the other hand, lack of teamwork has been noted as a significant factor affecting the change implementation, it is because, clinical health care activities are dependent on the cooperative nature of the multidisciplinary team, where the medical care givers work depending upon each others. On the other hand, acceptance of the change implementation in a large scale, by the hospital management can also be a barrier of implementation and sustaining change. Evaluation of the project: The data gathered from the quantitative investigation through this project would be evaluated through the statistical analysis tools for assessing the improvement in the patients knowledge and self-esteem regarding the fall prevention strategies. The data would again be collected after 3 months of the project completion, for collecting the follow up data. It would enhance the reliability of the project findings. In this study, positive result is collected from the intervention, showing improved patient knowledge regarding the fall prevention measures and risk assessment. Reference List Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care 2012, National Safety and Quality Health Service Standard, Commonwealth of Australia. Department of Health 2010, The Plan Do Study Act (PDSA) Model for Improvement Project Workbook, viewed 23rd August 2015 https://www.health.vic.gov.au/pch/downloads/pdsa_model_improvement_workbook.pdf Gleeson, M, Sherrington, C and Keay, L 2014, Improving Balance and Mobility in people over 50 years of age with vision impairments: can the Alexander technique help? A study protocol for the visibility randomised controlled trial, Pubmed, vol 20. Koh, SS, Manias, E, Hutchincsin, AM, Donath, S and Johnston, L 2008, Nurses perceived barriers to the implementation of a fall prevention clinical practice guideline in Singapore hospital, BMC Health Service Research, vol.8, pp.1-10. Liu, H, Shen, J and Xiao, LD 2012, Effectiveness of an educational intervention on improving knowledge level of chinese registered nurses on prevention of falls in hospitalized older people- A randomized controlled trial, Nurse Education Today, vol. 32, pp. 695-702. Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia 2013, National Competency Standards for the registered nurse, Australia. Haas, R. and Haines, T.P., 2014, ' Twelve month follow up of a falls prevention program in older adults from diverse populations in Australia: A qualitative study' , Archives of gerontology and geriatrics, vol 58, no. 2 , pp.283-292. Haines, T.P., Day, L., Hill, K.D., Clemson, L. and Finch, C., 2014, ' Better for others than for me: A belief that should shape our efforts to promote participation in falls prevention strategies' , Archives of gerontology and geriatrics, vol 59, no. 1, pp.136-144 Khong, L., Farringdon, F., Hill, K.D. and Hill, A.M., 2015, ' We are all one together: peer educators views about falls prevention education for community-dwelling older adults-a qualitative study ', BMC geriatrics, vol 15, no.1 , p.1. Nadelson, S. and Nadelson, L.S., 2014, ' Evidence?Based Practice Article Reviews Using CASP Tools: A Method for Teaching EBP ', Worldviews on Evidence?Based Nursing, vol 11, no.5 , pp.344-346. World Health Organization 2016, Falls Prevention in Older Age, viewed 29th August 2016, https://www.who.int/ageing/projects/falls_prevention_older_age/en/ Gillespie, L.D., Robertson, M.C., Gillespie, W.J., Sherrington, C., Gates, S., Clemson, L.M. and Lamb, S.E., 2012. Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 9(11). Gianoudis, J., Bailey, C.A., Sanders, K.M., Nowson, C.A., Hill, K., Ebeling, P.R. and Daly, R.M., 2012. Osteo-cise: strong bones for life: protocol for a community-based randomised controlled trial of a multi-modal exercise and osteoporosis education program for older adults at risk of falls and fractures. BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 13(1), p.1. Valenzuela, T., 2012. Efficacy of progressive resistance training interventions in older adults in nursing homes: a systematic review. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 13(5), pp.418-428. Liu, H., Shen, J. and Xiao, L.D., 2012. Effectiveness of an educational intervention on improving knowledge level of Chinese registered nurses on prevention of falls in hospitalized older peopleA randomized controlled trial.Nurse education today, 32(6), pp.695-702. Hill, A.M., Etherton-Beer, C. and Haines, T.P., 2013. Tailored education for older patients to facilitate engagement in falls prevention strategies after hospital dischargea pilot randomized controlled trial. PloS one, 8(5), p.e63450.

Voliene in School Essays - Abuse, Human Behavior, Dispute Resolution

The Effect of School Violence Violence has taken center stage. It has struck from outside into our schools. What effect has violence has on student, teachers, administrators and the learning process in general? This question rising whom responsible for dealing with violence in school and how can it is under control? Teacher and student are more concerned about being victimized that about education, they cannot concentrate on teaching and learning. People are motivated by many factor: genetic predisposition, childhood disease, psychiatric disorder, family strengths and dysfunctions, the social life of the school and the community, the influence of the media, the politics and customs of the land where they live. While the factors are many, they are beyond our ability to identify and understand. Natural Born Killer a movie portrayed the main two characters who, at the innocent teenage and experienced adult, defy society and get lost in their own little world, killing, and robbing whoever they come across. A culture which following a cultural script for problem ? solving, strategy. If people are treating you badly, make them respect you through a show of force), politics and customs of the land where they live. Mobbing is ganging up on someone and making cruel jokes, speaking rumors, isolating and excluding, intimidating, threatening, treating a person like an object, harassment and cruelty. Mobbing is emotional abuse. Group bullying, Mobbing has a devastating effect on everyone it touches and has a ripple effect upon other people, their families, their communities and society at large. This behavior has contributed too many acts of school violence. The matter of truth is that many people are walking around with a deep anger inside of themselves and don?t know why. I believe that one of the reasons is Smith2 because so many have been treated like objects rather than as unique human beings for too long. Insight and awareness play a major role in change. So many people engage in this type of behavior without thinking. Prevention includes paying attention not only to what we?re doing but also to what is going on around us. We tend to not recognize warning signs and feel powerless to do anything about it. the effect of Targeted person is confused, beginning to question why me or what is wrong with me. Secondly, this person engages in self-isolation and doesn?t know whom to trust. This experience will leave a permanent scar of physical or emotional damage. Third, a person may engage in destructive behavior toward themselves or other. A good example is School rampage shooters of Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado. This was the most deadliest tragedies occurred on April 20,1999, when two students Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold went on a massive rampage killing twelve students and one teacher and wounding twenty-three other before killing themselves. Another example, on April 24, 2003 James Sheet, a fourteen-year old student at Red Lion Junior High School in Pennsylvania, shot and killing the school?s principal before turning his gun and around and killing himself. These are just two example of potential solution of such violence in school. People become to believe that school is no longer safe. Often the community itself becomes a victim. The community feels cheated of their opportunity to learn his/hers motivation for the crime and the chance to see justice served. One method school based solution to the problem of violence that has proven particularly controversial is student profiling. Experts believe that student who acts out violently share certain characteristics. For example, they are likely to be interested in weapon, be bullied or be a bully and be alienated from the popular group at school. By creating a profile, it may be possible to identify student who are at risk for committing a violent crime before they do so. Drinking excess amount of alcohol consumption such as requiring dangerous behavior. The Smith3 amount of drinking or combinations of alcohol any students lose control because they?re too drunk. An emotional state of the group that is aroused, aggressive, or rowdy. Fighting on school ground, normally fight started when someone deliberately bumped somebody by accident while walking in hallway. Once occur pushing and shoving begins. At times disagreement among students will be settled with

Are you ready to be your own boss

Are you ready to be your own boss Let’s be honest: if you have a job, you have boss issues. Even if you like your boss, even if you work well with your boss, even if you are pretty happy at work†¦ there will inevitably be some kind of disagreement or frustration. It happens to literally everyone. When these issues pop up, whether serious or just mildly annoying, you might fantasize about what it would be like to ditch the aforementioned boss and go your own way. But not everyone is cut out to be their own boss for real. Before you quit and commit to the ideal of the boss-free lifestyle, let’s look at some of the questions you should ask yourself first if you’re serious about making this work.Does your personality mesh with the freelance life?Remember that once you embark on your new career as a business owner or freelance professional, it’s going to be just you taking care of everything. That means your own personality is going to play a large part in whether this is truly the right c hoice for your career. If the answer to any of these questions is â€Å"yes† or â€Å"kinda,† then you might want to reconsider making the jump right now.Do I need a lot of guidance in setting my own tasks- and finishing them?Do I need a lot of input from others before I can get started on a project?Do I give up quickly if a task is difficult?Am I hesitant to ask other people for things?Do I panic when things go wrong?Do I have trouble prioritizing projects or tasks without input?If the answer is â€Å"yes† to all or most of these questions, there’s no shame in that. And it’s not a dealbreaker. It just means you’re likely not ready (yet). These are all things you can work on overcoming, if your goal is to be more independent and take-charge in your work life. But when you become your own boss, you already need to have a pretty self-directed working style.Where do you get your validation?After your personality, it’s time to consider wh at makes you feel valued, and what motivates you, professionally. Ask yourself the following questions:Am I driven by my own sense of ambition or self-satisfaction?Do I need positive reinforcement from others to feel like I’ve done a good job?Again, needing an external source for these things isn’t a personality flaw. But if you are someone who takes validation and feelings of success from how others see you, then you might not find the boss role very rewarding or fulfilling. Being honest about what drives you is the key element here.What’s your social style?If you’re going freelance, there’s a good chance that at first it’ll be just you in your home office, or whatever space you’ve set aside for your new work life. And I can assure you that while pets are great, they’re not really helpful when you need to bounce ideas or chat about last night’s awards show. Here’s what you need to ponder:Am I prepared to chug alo ng solo for long periods of time, with no coworker chat breaks or face-to-face interactions to break up the work day?Am I okay with most work communication happening via email or phone?Do I need a lot of feedback from others throughout the day?Do I feel lonely if I don’t have much interaction with others during the day?And if you’re the boss, it can also mean having to shut down distractions around you as well, if your new work environment has disruptions like family members, loud noises, etc. Being the boss means you’ll likely have to both embrace and enforce the solitude factor as necessary to get things done.Are you prepared for a boss-level workload?The main difference between being the boss and acting like a boss is the workload. You can fake-it-till-you-make-it on a lot of things, like confidence. But the work you do is going to be challenging when you’re doing it on your own.Am I ready for long hours, or potentially working on weekends or holidays? Am I prepared to be a jack-of-all-trades if necessary, or do I prefer to stay in my lane?Am I prepared for the frustrations that can come with being in charge?Do I feel comfortable managing others?Realistically, work-life balance may be one of the toughest things to manage if you’re out on your own. The 40-hour work week (or whatever you’re accustomed to now) will likely balloon, once you’re doing the work of managing your business on top of the day-to-day operations of your job. If the idea of answering emails at 10 p.m. makes you want to hide, then you might want to reconsider your readiness to take this step.And if your business expands and you end up taking on employees or other contractors, you need to be prepare to manage them as well- not just yourself. Being the boss means keeping everyone focused on getting the work done.What’s your financial personality?One of the most important factors to breaking out on your own is the financial aspect.Am I pr epared to handle the logistics of income/payments, taxes, benefits, and accounting?Am I financially literate?Am I ready to make sacrifices if things don’t go well, financially?Am I good at paying bills on time?These are basic infrastructure questions. Whether you work for a big company or a small one, there are departments and policies in place, and usually there are people whose job it is to handle different aspects of workplace necessities like paychecks and benefits. When it’s a company of one, guess who’s responsible for all of that infrastructure? It may be possible to outsource a lot of the paperwork and financial details, but it will still require a degree of organization and management on your part. Being the boss means owning every aspect of your business, because your name and reputation will be on every document, every contract, every customer or client relationship. If you’re not very solid on financial issues (or don’t yet have a plan to become so), then you might not be ready to be the boss just yet.If you’re considering busting out on your own, there are lots of things to consider: your business plan, your finances, your future career goals. But before you even get to the point of nailing those down, you need to do a brutally honest assessment of whether you’re emotionally and personally ready even to start that journey. Being your own boss can be incredibly rewarding, and just may be the jump that your career needs. However, if you’re not ready to commit to all of the challenges as well as those rewards, then it just might not be the time to do this. And if you’re just not ready yet, it doesn’t mean that you never will be the boss- it just means there’s a little work to do in the meantime.

Role of Government in Industrial Clusters Essays

Role of Government in Industrial Clusters Essays Role of Government in Industrial Clusters Essay Role of Government in Industrial Clusters Essay The first major issue is that Australian government policy development has largely been focused on descriptive information gathering rather than on achieving either business participation in, or greater understanding of the complex industrial clustering process 5 (Davies, 2001). In many of the failed or under-performing ICC developments, searchers noted that the associated government policy ignored the local and interregional industrial linkages and/or the channels of technology and knowledge transfer that existed, instead relying on relatively simple measures (such as industry size) to detect potential industry clusters. These simplistic measures are a common feature of Australian industrial cluster policy, and formed the basis upon which expensive and complex resource allocations were made (Gordon McCann, 2000). The second major issue surrounds an assumption by Australian policy-makers that he facts explaining the existence of industry clusters around the globe are readily generalist to the Australian context (Soddy, 2000). Of particular concern has been the assumption of Australian policy makers that simply replicating the policy choices of governments associated with successful clusters (such as Silicon Valley) will be successful despite the lack of evidence to support this contention. Body (2000) suggests that there are clear dangers in attempting to reproduce significant policy direction from a relatively small number of specific cases, especially those whose economic performance is inherently atypical. One of the major dangers of incorporating a carbon copy approach to policy development is that of misunderstanding the specific origins and competencies inherent to a regions networks between firms and industry is created and maintained, government policy directed at merely locating firms together appears to omit and/or ignore the most important and dynamic aspects of the industrial clustering process. The third issue concerns the record of Australian governments resource allocation as it pertains the development of industry cluster formation. Fuser and Bergman (2000) note that, at least at the regional level, the approach frequently adopted by policymakers involves little more than the identification of current regional specializations as targets for traditional development initiatives. In such cases, a cluster strategy serves more often as a meaner of allocating scarce resources than as a way to build the linkages and future inter-industry synergies documented so frequently in successful industrial districts (Fuser Bergman, 2000). For example, in Europe, the US and Australia, many planned clusters have failed to materialism spite heavy investments by government into the required infrastructure. The implication is that although setting up the infrastructure may be paramount to the diffusion of industrial clusters, it is not sufficient in of itself to ensure a clusters formation and development. Underpinning these issues is the observed difficulty of Australian policy-makers to conceptualize their role within Porters UDF (Brown 2000; Enriching Roberts, 2001). Indeed, Brown (2000) suggests Australias poor ICC performance is almost entirely predicated on the confused role of government and TTS policy makers, a statement echoed by Porter when he stated that: In Australia, what is less understood is that the government has some positive roles, like innovation and training, infrastructure, and things like that. I think that the real frontier is [understanding] the positive roles to be played by government whilst avoiding the distortion or intervention in competition (in Trains, 2002:39). In order to understand the positive roles that a government can play in the support of entrepreneurial activity and the development of innovative industrial clusters, this paper reports upon an examination of the 25-year history of one of Australias most innovative and internationally successful industry clusters, that of the Tasmania Light Shipbuilding Industry (TLS) cluster. Since its inception, the TLS cluster has grown substantially in terms of its sales volume, innovative output, and impact on the industry overall development as a world-class maritime producer (Industry Audit, 1998). At its peak between 1996 and 1998, the TLS cluster generated an annual turnover of ADD$400 million (accounting for 25 percent of the states merchandise sports), and was fundamental in the development of an industry council that represented and coordinated the majority of the states maritime industry (Industry Audit, 1998). Given its demonstrable importance to the regional Tasmania economy, an examination of the TLS clusters development provides an opportunity to observe the role that government played in the development of an innovative and internationally competitive industry cluster. This research comprised a series of semi-structured interviews with all of the key informants within the TLS cluster and the state government during the period 1977 to 2002. In particular, interviews were conducted with each of the state Premiers during the TLS clusters formation, the managing directors of the TLS cluster firms, and the heads of government departments and agencies with which the TLS cluster had significant interactions. In total 25 semi-structured interviews were conducted, each lasting between 60 and 90 minutes. The interview questions posed to the participants were derived from an extensive collection and analysis of historical data pertaining to the TLS clusters development. As such, the interviews contained both standardized interview questions (I. . Common to all informants) and specific interview questions (I. E. Aimed at the key informants specific involvement in the TLS clusters history), and were formulated to elicit the primary data required to answer the research questions posed in this inquiry. Both the standardized and specific interview questions were formulated to facilitate the aggregation, analysis, and validation of information, and enabled the researcher to interrogate the evidence gathered from other sources. These questions were designed to cover the necessary issues, but were framed in an open-ended manner, o allow the interviewees sufficient latitude for introspection and open reporting of their own perspectives. As a result, the informants were free to pursue those matters that they considered important. This collection of primary data using a semi-structured interview method allowed the informants to tell their own story in their own way, thereby allowing the researcher direct access to the experience of the case (Clinician Connelly, 1994). These individualized recollections aid to strengthen the inquiry by counteracting the bias that may exist in the secondary documents (Burgess, 1982), by adding matters of fact r detail that may only be recorded in individual memory (Samuel, 1982), and by giving voice to those not usually heard (Fontana Frey, 1994). The semi-structured interviews assisted this inquiry in each of these areas, as they enabled the researcher to 7 access facets of the case that would not have been available by any other data gathering technique. The interpretation of the data, and the verification of the conclusions, were facilitated by the use of the USSR NUDE*SIT software package. The interview transcripts were imported into the NUDE*SIT software database, following which the categories (I. E. He coding of the data) were established as a series of nodes. These nodes were initially generated from the themes highlighted in literature review process, formed part of an index system that allowed the researcher to categories respondent data in terms of extant theory. Each node was then reviewed in order to identify common themes necessary for the researchers second- round coding that underpins the discussion and conclusions in this paper. One of the most prevalent concerns surrounding the reporting of longitudinal cycle. Peters and Hood (2000) discuss how the industrial life cycle notion can influence the effectiveness of a governments industrial cluster policy platform. A growing literature base suggests that Who innovates and how much innovative activity is undertaken by an industry cluster is closely linked to the phase of the industry life cycle, and is of vital importance to effective policy implementation (Sleeper, 1996; Leigh, 2003). It is therefore necessary for this research to report on the longitudinal variation in government policy development, and link them to the needs of the TLS cluster over its life cycle. Results. The role of government during introductory stage of the TLS clusters life cycle. During the introductory stage of its life cycle, three key government roles positively influenced the TLS clusters development. The first was the state governments initial non-committal stance towards the specific development of the states burgeoning shipbuilding industry. The second role surrounded the enhancement of the states reputation within the domestic market as a centre for maritime research. The third role was the governments support for the entrepreneurial activities undertaken by Incant, when it became apparent that the company was a potential source of significant economic growth for the regional economy. The state governments initial non-committal stance towards the states burgeoning industry was not a deliberate one, as its policy focus at the time was on the macroeconomic restructuring of the states economy away from its dependence on hydroindustrialisation. Due to this focus on the macro-economic restructuring process, the Tasmania government did not at any stage pre-empty the growth requirements of the potential industry cluster. As such, the Tasmania government avoided the issues surrounding many of Australias industrial cluster failures of the sass in which governments built up the infrastructural support to potential industries in the hope that this would attract firms, as for example, the federal and South Australian government did with the failed multi-function polis planned for Adelaide. Consequently, the development of the innovative technologies (I. E. The development of elements of Porters firm strategy, structure and rivalry) remained the sole responsibility of the private sector firms that existed during the industrial clusters initial formation (I. E. Clifford and his maritime friendship network). 8 The second key role was the state governments development of the regions petition within the broader domestic maritime market as a national centre for maritime research. The Tasmania government implemented a series of lobbying initiatives that resulted in the federal government providing additional funding to the Australian Maritime College and relocating its national maritime research institute (the CAIRO) to Hobart. These state government lobbying efforts were largely aimed at the federal government rather than the private sector, but their success had implications for the regions Factor Conditions, Related and Supporting Industry, and y developing the regions supply of human capital through both the generation of specialized employment and education within the broader industry. The regional economys related and supporting industry factor was advanced by the increase in the sophistication of supply of inputs to the private sector firms (in terms of products and world standard maritime research). The Tasmania governments enhancement of the regions reputation helped to develop the demand conditions faced by the private sector shipbuilding firms, most significantly in the from of customers ready to import their products from interstate. It was only after the domestic exporting success of Incests innovative semi-aluminum catamarans in the early sass were realized that the Tasmania government undertook its third key role, that of accommodating the growth requirements of the innovative cluster firm. Although the Tasmania government did provide its first direct support for Incests innovative management in the introductory stage of the TLS clusters life cycle, it did so only after the firm was able to demonstrate the potential in the domestic Australian market for fast-ferry transportation. The Tasmania governments support for Incests innovative capacity was provided only when the firm could demonstrate that it did not possess the resources required for its continued expansion. The Tasmania government also required evidence that their support of Incests expansion would result in additional Jobs being created within the firm. This initial government support is consistent with the recommendation of Porters CT, as it allows for the challenges facing the burgeoning industry to be overcome whilst avoiding the inefficiencies associated with the governments direct involvement in private sector enterprise. The role of government during the growth stage of the TLS clusters life cycle. During the growth stage of its life cycle, three key government roles positively influenced the development of the TLS cluster. The first was the Tasmania governments continued effort to enhance the reputation of the regional economy, although the focus of these efforts changed from a focus on the domestic maritime market to one that encompassed the international market for Incests fast-ferries. The second was the Tasmania governments direct involvement in Incests sales and negotiation processes with their international customers. The third was the Tasmania governments policy initiatives that served to maximize the synergistic relationship that existed between Incant and its supplier firms. The first of the state government policies that positively influenced the development of the TLS cluster was the continued enhancement of the regions reputation as a centre 9 for maritime excellence, although the policy focus changed markedly to encompass the international marketplace. This change in focus was driven by the continued Through the use of government sponsored trade missions and the associated agitation activities, the Tasmania government used the success of Incant to illustrate the regions maritime competency to international buyers of these products, in turn facilitating an increase in the international demand conditions for Incests production. The Tasmania government also applied pressure on the remainder of the TLS cluster firms, and indeed the regions maritime industry as a whole, to similarly increase the quality of their production in line with the growing international reputation of the region. The Tasmania government helped the regions shipbuilding and maritime manufacturing firms to achieve high quality reduction by maintaining its existing lobbying efforts for additional infrastructural funding for the industry. Specifically, the Tasmania government undertook political action to secure additional funding for the educational and RD requirements of the industry. As with its direct support for Incests needs, however, the Tasmania government only lobbied for additional federal government funding after its need was recognized by the private sector, and where the private sector firms could demonstrate that these needs were necessary for their future growth. The Tasmania governments reputation enhancement strategy served to increase the Demand Conditions enjoyed by the states shipbuilding industry, and in particular, for the output of the regional industry innovative firm, Incant. It also served to apply a degree of pressure upon the Incests suppliers to similarly improve their production output in line with the growing prestige of the region. The second role undertaken by the Tasmania government was that of direct support during Incests sales negotiations with their potential international customers. This was directed by the incumbent state Premier at the time, through his department of economic development, most notably in the form of funding for international customer visits to Incests factory, but also by having the Premier accompany the potential customer during their visit. As a result of the state governments policy initiative to become involved in Incests sales negotiation process, it provided a level of prestige, moral support and sales expertise that was otherwise beyond the ability of the hub-firm to provide. Indirectly, this policy also served to highlight the supplier firms within the TLS cluster, as their inputs into Incests final product were also purported by the state governments involvement in the sale. In terms of advancing the Diamond Factors, the Tasmania governments second policy initiative served to develop the regional industry firm strategy, structure and rivalry by state Premiers personal endorsement of the TLS clusters output. It also served to align the TLS cluster firms goals with that of the state government by pressuring all of the individual firms to innovate their products in line with the requirements of the innovative Incant. In terms of advancing the Demand Conditions enjoyed by the regional industry, the Tasmania governments involvement served to enhance the legitimacy of Incests product to potential international customers. The third key role undertaken by the Tasmania state government was to undertake measures to deliberately maximize the synergistic relationship that existed between Incant and its supplier firms. Inherent in Porters CIT is the notion that within a clustered network of firms, some forms of scale or scope economies exist through which the industrial cluster develops an internationally competitive advantage. Through its development of marine parks and industrial councils (in which firms implementers to Incests operations can more easily interact) the Tasmania government deliberately enabled the realization of the synergies of both scale and scope inherent to the regions natural industry. The third state government role served to advance the diamond factors by developing the firm strategy, structure and rivalry and the Factor Conditions enjoyed by the TLS cluster firms in residence at the Prince of Wales Bay marine park in Hobart. With the TLS cluster firms in close geographic proximity, the individual firms were better able to communicate and ordinate their interrelated production and training activities, as well as allowing them to access the advanced and specialized (and expensive) infrastructure developed for the marine park. The role of government during the maturity stage of the TLS clusters life cycle. During the maturity stage of its life cycle, three key government roles positively influenced the development of the TLS cluster. The first key role was the continued enhancement of the regional economys reputation as a world centre for maritime manufacturing excellence, although the focus of its efforts hanged from the singular promotion of Incests success to incorporate the production of the entire set of industry members, be they cluster firms or otherwise. The second role was to formalism the relationships that existed within the regional shipbuilding and marine manufacturing industries. The third role was the governments deliberate strategy to dilute Incests importance and impact upon the regional economy. The first key government role was its continued enhancement of the regional economys reputation as a world centre for maritime manufacturing excellence. During the maturity stage however, the focus of the Tasmania governments petition strategy in the world shipping vessel market changed from the singular promotion of Incests success to incorporate the output of the entire industry, be they TLS cluster firms or otherwise. The functional strategies incorporated by the Tasmania government included trade missions, direct involvement in the international sales negotiations process, and the provision of marketing assistance to the industry. The marketing assistance provided to the industry was specifically targeted at generating a consistent message for all of Tasmania firms in the international marketplace. The policy to incorporate the entire set of cluster firms developed the demand conditions for the regional industry, with the region now marketed as a one-stop- shop for a wide variety of innovative and high-quality maritime production, not simply fast catamaran production. The state government could afford to undertake this marketing strategy given the success that the TLS cluster firms had enjoyed both the growth stage of the TLS clusters development, each of the supplier firms had secured their own export sales independent of those associated with their alliance with Incant. Further to this, two additional TLS cluster firms, Lifeboat Systems and Richardson Divine, emerged within the industry and enjoyed immediate export success, largely due to their association with Incant and the innovative and valuable nature of their output. 11 The second key role was to formalism the relationship between the regions entire set of shipbuilders and maritime manufacturers (TLS cluster firms or otherwise) and the state government. After the Prince of Wales Bay maritime park was established by the Tasmania government, the private sector firms, along with the Aluminum Welding School, formed the Tasmania Maritime Network (TEN) within which the TLS cluster could better develop its communications and lobbying efforts. After the Bacon Labor governments industry audit program of 1998 was completed, the TEN was restructured to form an Industry Council that represented approximately 85 percent of the regions shipbuilding and marine manufacturing firms. The Industry Council program sought to provide the regions shipbuilding industry with a direct communication and lobbying channel between the industry as a whole and the Tasmania government. The Industry Council arrangement also helped to ensure hat that the set of firms within the industry could better incorporate the success factors of the TLS cluster into their operations, and therefore become involved in the process of further developing the regional industry Firm Strategy Structure and Rivalry to comply with world-best standards. The third key role was the Tasmania governments strategy to dilute Incests importance and impact within the regional economy. The policy was implemented through the attraction of additional innovative shipbuilding firms to the region (producing vessels unlike those of Incant) in the hope that the TLS clusters supplier rims would have alternate sources of sales opportunities incremental to that of Incant. The Tasmania government was able to attract additional innovative firms through marketing the regions advanced infrastructure, support that was initially provided solely for the benefit of Incant. Where needed, the Tasmania government also provided the option to undertake an equity arrangement with the new hub- firms, an arrangement that involved funding of the new firms relocation and start-up costs, but did not involve the state government intervening in the innovative process of the firm. This policy initiative had a direct impact on the diamond factors enjoyed by the TLS cluster (and indeed the entire industry) by effectively driving incremental demand from the international marketplace for regions maritime production. In addition, it allowed the TLS clusters supplier firms to develop exponentially greater linkages within the industry, and more importantly, with firms of similar importance as the original huffier in terms of their innovative ability and supply requirements. The travel and trading needs of the isolated Tasmania community necessitated the

The experiences of World War 1 and why many opposed it Essay

The experiences of World War 1 and why many opposed it - Essay Example The World War 1 made many people have varied experiences starting from the soldiers, their families, children and various races involved in the war. The War had a mental and physical effect to both the soldiers and their families. Physically, many soldiers and civilians died in the course of the war. Their families lost the source of income while the children lost their loved ones, (Shaw, 111). Mentally, trauma was the main effect. In this case, many people who saw the massive killings took a long time to get through the incidence. As such, psychologies argue that some soldiers and civilian suffered depression and extreme cases of trauma. The soldiers suffered severe injuries on their bodies that left them traumatized. The soldiers went through a ‘shell shock’, which is an emotional shock that was a s a result of the horrors they witnessed. The soldiers saw and heard many things while fighting in the trenches, as they witnessed other soldiers scream in pain and agony, as they literary waited for their turn. Most of the soldiers crumbled to pieces, while others improved but continued to experience nightmares for the longest time. Wilfred Edwards in his poem quoted some of the experiences â€Å"(Gas! Quick, boys-An ecstasy of fumbling,Fitting the awkward helmets just in time;But somebody still was stumbling and yelling out  And struggling like a man in fire or lime)...† Such an experience is horrifying and can make one have nightmares for the rest of his life even after the War ends.